sshfs

SSHFS(1) User Commands SSHFS(1)

NAME

   SSHFS - filesystem client based on SSH

SYNOPSIS

   To mount a filesystem:

      sshfs [user@]host:[dir] mountpoint [options]

   If host is a numeric IPv6 address, it needs to be enclosed in square brackets.

   To unmount it:

      fusermount3 -u mountpoint   # Linux
      umount mountpoint           # OS X, FreeBSD

DESCRIPTION

   SSHFS  allows you to mount a remote filesystem using SSH (more precisely, the SFTP subsystem). Most SSH servers support and enable this SFTP access by default, so SSHFS is very simple
   to use - there's nothing to do on the server-side.

   By default, file permissions are ignored by SSHFS. Any user that can access the filesystem will be able to perform any operation that the remote server permits - based on the  creden‐
   tials that were used to connect to the server. If this is undesired, local permission checking can be enabled with -o default_permissions.

   By  default,  only  the mounting user will be able to access the filesystem. Access for other users can be enabled by passing -o allow_other. In this case you most likely also want to
   use -o default_permissions.

   It is recommended to run SSHFS as regular user (not as root).  For this to work the mountpoint must be owned by the user.  If username is omitted SSHFS will use the local username. If
   the directory is omitted, SSHFS will mount the (remote) home directory.  If you need to enter a password sshfs will ask for it (actually it just runs ssh which ask for the password if
   needed).

OPTIONS

   -o opt,[opt...]
          mount options, see below for details. A a variety of SSH options can be given here as well, see the manual pages for sftp(1) and ssh_config(5).

   -h, --help
          print help and exit.

   -V, --version
          print version information and exit.

   -d, --debug
          print debugging information.

   -p PORT
          equivalent to '-o port=PORT'

   -f     do not daemonize, stay in foreground.

   -s     Single threaded operation.

   -C     equivalent to '-o compression=yes'

   -F ssh_configfile
          specifies alternative ssh configuration file

   -1     equivalent to '-o ssh_protocol=1'

   -o reconnect
          automatically reconnect to server if connection is interrupted. Attempts to access files that were opened before the reconnection will give errors and need to be re-opened.

   -o delay_connect
          Don't immediately connect to server, wait until mountpoint is first accessed.

   -o sshfs_sync
          synchronous writes. This will slow things down, but may be useful in some situations.

   -o no_readahead
          Only read exactly the data that was requested, instead of speculatively reading more to anticipate the next read request.

   -o sync_readdir
          synchronous readdir. This will slow things down, but may be useful in some situations.

   -o workaround=LIST
          Enable the specified workaround. See the Caveats section below for some additional information. Possible values are:

          rename Emulate overwriting an existing file by deleting and renaming.

          renamexdev
                 Make rename fail with EXDEV instead of the default EPERM to allow moving files across remote filesystems.

          truncate
                 Work around servers that don't support truncate by coping the whole file, truncating it locally, and sending it back.

          fstat  Work around broken servers that don't support fstat() by using stat instead.

          buflimit
                 Work around OpenSSH "buffer fillup" bug.

          createmode
                 Work around broken servers that produce an error when passing a non-zero mode to create, by always passing a mode of 0.

   -o idmap=TYPE
          How to map remote UID/GIDs to local values. Possible values are:

          none   no translation of the ID space (default).

          user   map the UID/GID of the remote user to UID/GID of the mounting user.

          file   translate UIDs/GIDs based upon the contents of --uidfile and --gidfile.

   -o uidfile=FILE
          file containing username:uid mappings for -o idmap=file

   -o gidfile=FILE
          file containing groupname:gid mappings for -o idmap=file

   -o nomap=TYPE
          with idmap=file, how to handle missing mappings:

          ignore don't do any re-mapping

          error  return an error (default)

   -o ssh_command=CMD
          execute CMD instead of 'ssh'

   -o ssh_protocol=N
          ssh protocol to use (default: 2)

   -o sftp_server=SERV
          path to sftp server or subsystem (default: sftp)

   -o directport=PORT
          directly connect to PORT bypassing ssh

   -o passive
          communicate over stdin and  stdout  bypassing  network.  Useful  for  mounting  local  filesystem  on  the  remote  side.   An  example  using  dpipe  command  would  be  dpipe
          /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server = ssh RemoteHostname sshfs :/directory/to/be/shared ~/mnt/src -o passive

   -o disable_hardlink
          With this option set, attempts to call link(2) will fail with error code ENOSYS.

   -o transform_symlinks
          transform  absolute  symlinks  on  remote side to relative symlinks. This means that if e.g. on the server side /foo/bar/com is a symlink to /foo/blub, SSHFS will transform the
          link target to ../blub on the client side.

   -o follow_symlinks
          follow symlinks on the server, i.e. present them as regular files on the client. If a symlink is dangling (i.e, the target does not exist) the behavior depends  on  the  remote
          server - the entry may appear as a symlink on the client, or it may appear as a regular file that cannot be accessed.

   -o no_check_root
          don't check for existence of 'dir' on server

   -o password_stdin
          read password from stdin (only for pam_mount!)

   -o dir_cache=BOOL
          Enables  (yes) or disables (no) the SSHFS directory cache.  The directory cache holds the names of directory entries. Enabling it allows readdir(3) system calls to be processed
          without network access.

   -o dcache_max_size=N
          sets the maximum size of the directory cache.

   -o dcache_timeout=N
          sets timeout for directory cache in seconds.

   -o dcache_{stat,link,dir}_timeout=N
          sets separate timeout for {attributes, symlinks, names} in  the directory cache.

   -o dcache_clean_interval=N
          sets the interval for automatic cleaning of the directory cache.

   -o dcache_min_clean_interval=N
          sets the interval for forced cleaning of the directory cache when full.

   -o direct_io
          This option disables the use of page cache (file content cache) in the kernel for this filesystem.  This has several affects:

          1. Each read() or write() system call will initiate one or more read or write operations, data will not be cached in the kernel.

          2. The return value of the read() and write() system calls will correspond to the return values of the read and write operations. This is useful for example if the file size is
             not known in advance (before reading it).  e.g. /proc filesystem

   -o max_conns=N
          sets the maximum number of simultaneous SSH connections to use. Each connection is established with a separate SSH process.  The primary purpose of this feature is  to  improve
          the  responsiveness  of  the  file system during large file transfers. When using more than once connection, the password_stdin and passive options can not be used, and the bu‐
          flimit workaround is not supported.

   In addition, SSHFS accepts several options common to all FUSE file systems. These are described in the mount.fuse manpage (look for "general", "libfuse specific", and "high-level API"
   options).

CAVEATS / WORKAROUNDS Hardlinks

   If the SSH server supports the hardlinks extension, SSHFS will allow you to create hardlinks. However, hardlinks will always appear as individual files  when  seen  through  an  SSHFS
   mount, i.e. they will appear to have different inodes and an st_nlink value of 1.

Rename

   Some  SSH  servers do not support atomically overwriting the destination when renaming a file. In this case you will get an error when you attempt to rename a file and the destination
   already exists. A workaround is to first remove the destination file, and then do the rename. SSHFS can do this automatically if you call it with  -o  workaround=rename.  However,  in
   this  case  it  is  still possible that someone (or something) recreates the destination file after SSHFS has removed it, but before SSHFS had the time to rename the old file. In this
   case, the rename will still fail.

Permission denied when moving files across remote filesystems

   Most SFTP servers return only a generic "failure" when failing to rename across filesystem boundaries (EXDEV).  sshfs normally converts this generic failure to a permission denied er‐
   ror (EPERM).  If the option -o workaround=renamexdev is given, generic failures will be considered EXDEV errors which will make programs like mv(1) attempt to actually move  the  file
   after the failed rename.

SSHFS hangs for no apparent reason

   In  some  cases,  attempts to access the SSHFS mountpoint may freeze if no filesystem activity has occurred for some time. This is typically caused by the SSH connection being dropped
   because of inactivity without SSHFS being informed about that. As a workaround, you can try to mount with -o ServerAliveInterval=15. This will force the SSH connection to  stay  alive
   even if you have no activity.

SSHFS hangs after the connection was interrupted

   By default, network operations in SSHFS run without timeouts, mirroring the default behavior of SSH itself. As a consequence, if the connection to the remote host is interrupted (e.g.
   because  a network cable was removed), operations on files or directories under the mountpoint will block until the connection is either restored or closed altogether (e.g. manually).
   Applications that try to access such files or directories will generally appear to "freeze" when this happens.

   If it is acceptable to discard data being read or written, a quick workaround is to kill the responsible sshfs process, which will make any blocking operations on the mounted filesys‐
   tem error out and thereby "unfreeze" the relevant applications. Note that force unmounting with fusermount -zu, on the other hand, does not help in this case and will leave read/write
   operations in the blocking state.

   For a more automatic solution, one can use the -o ServerAliveInterval=15 option mentioned above, which will drop the connection after not receiving a response for 3 * 15 = 45  seconds
   from  the remote host. By also supplying -o reconnect, one can ensure that the connection is re-established as soon as possible afterwards. As before, this will naturally lead to loss
   of data that was in the process of being read or written at the time when the connection was interrupted.

MOUNTING FROM /ETC/FSTAB

   To mount an SSHFS filesystem from /etc/fstab, simply use sshfs as the file system type. (For backwards compatibility, you may also use fuse.sshfs).